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Soybean [Glycine max (L ) Merr ] is the world's OptimiZing nitrogen management for winter potential liming and nutrient source However
most important legume crop and the largest wheat crops can maximiZe agronomic perfor­ WA and SL may contain heavy metals that
oilseed crop It forms a symbiotic relationship mance and reduce greenhouse gas emis­ could adversely afect crop growth produce
with rhiZobia bacteria resident in root nodules sions but these factors are rarely considered quality and e ventually human health Biochar
that provide fixed nitrogen to host plants together We conducted two experiments (BC) is known to mitigate heavy metals
through symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) at seven sites throughout the Canadian uptake by plants Herein we conducted a
Similar to many programs globally decades Prairies over three to four crop cycles We greenhouse study to evaluate the efect of
of conventional soybean breeding in Ontario measured grain yield and protein at all sites WA SL alone and in combination with BC on
have mostly focused on yield and grain quality and greenhouse gas emissions from one site heavy metals mobility in soil­plant system of
parameters instead of SNF per se However (Lethbridge Alberta) Experiment I applied annual r yegrass (Lolium perenne L ) and kale

given the focus on improving yield in the urea urea�eNtrench� (nitrification inhibitor) (Brassica oleracea) Experimental treatments
absence of adding inorganic N fertiliZer we SuperU (urease and nitrification inhibitor) were 1) limestone as control (L) 2) WA 3) SL
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hypothesiZed that there has been indirect se­ and Environmentally Smart Nitrogen (ESN ) a 4) WASL 5) LBC 6) WABC 7) SLBC 8) WASLBC

lection pressure to improve nitrogen fixation polymer­coated urea All N was applied 100% Limestone WA SL WA� SL and BC application
To test this hypothesis in this study SNF­re­ side­banded at planting 30% side ­banded at rates were 7 1 Mg ha 17 25 Mg ha 55 Mg
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lated traits were evaluated in pedigree­related planting and 70% broadcast in­crop in late fall ha 13 8 � 11 Mg ha and 20 Mg ha ­1 respec­
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historical germplasm (19 cultivars) and 25 and 30% side­banded at planting and 70% tively Results indicated that SL application
modern cultivars derived from the University broadcast in­crop in early spring Experiment increased Pb concentration in annual r yegrass
of Guelph's Canada breeding program Field II applied urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) soil whereas WASL enhanced Ni concentra­
trials were conducted at Woodstock ON Can­ UAN�eNtrench� UAN�Agrotain Ultra� (urease tion in kale soil compared to control though
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ada in 2016 and 2017 and various agronomic inhibitor) UAN�Agrotain Plus (urease and within CCME limits Furthermore BC addition
traits were measured including nitrogen nitrification inhibitors) and a 50­50 mix of urea significantly reduced Pb uptake by 17 % in
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fixation capacity Considerable variation was and ESN with all N applied 50% side ­band­ annual r yegrass shoots and Ni uptake by 32%
obser ved among Canadian soybean cultivars ed at planting and 50% broadcast in­crop in in kale shoots respectively compared to non
released over the past 100 years for nitrogen early spring All N banded at planting and split amended BC treatments Based on results it
fixation The modern soybean cultivars had applying in spring produced similar yields can be concluded that WA could be used as
similar or moderately higher SNF compared and protein but grain yields and protein were soil amendment without heavy metal contam­
to the historical lines in terms of the percent­ 4 2% and 1 8% when N was split applied in ination risk in soil Nonetheless BC addition
age of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere late fall compared to all N banded at plant­ mitigated the risk of heavy metal uptake in
(%Ndfa) and total shoot nitrogen fixed ing (p �0 05) Including urease or urease and both annual r yegrass and kale
These findings suggest that despite a lack of nitrification inhibitors also incrementally im­
direct selection for SNF traits SNF has been proved yields and N uptake Greenhouse gas 81. Effect of biofumigation and fumiga­
maintained and possibly improved in modern emissions scaled per unit grain yield grain­N tion on population density of root­lesion
soybean breeding There are opportunities for and total N uptake did not vary significantly nematodes, Verticillium dahliae and pota­
deliberate selection for improved SNF where between treatments showing improvements to yield in New Brunswick
historical and modern soybean cultivars were in winter wheat agronomic performance did D CHEN L ­P COMEAU T DIXON C GO­
identified as potential parents for targeted not equate to substantial reductions in green­ YER K NAHAR M ISLAM AND B ZEBARTH
breeding for improved SNF house gases linked to climate change Fredericton Research and Development
Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 850,
79. Altering nitrogen management to 80. Effect of wood ash, sludge, and bio­ Lincoln Rd, Fredericton, NB E3B 4Z7, Canada;
improve winter wheat yields and nitrogen char on heavy metals mobility in plant­ (T D ) McCain Foods (Canada), 8800 Main St,
efficiency in the Northern Great Plains soil system of annual ryegrass and kale Florenceville-Bristol, NB E7L 1B2, Canada; (M I )
J L OWENS E RAHMANI X HAO L M HALL B JAVED M M FARHAIN T WICKREMASING­ Potatoes New Brunswick,777 Everard H Daigle

K COLES C HOLZAPFEL AND B L BERES HE Y KATANDA R THOMAS L GAL AGEDARA Boul, Grand Falls, NB E3Z 3C7, Canada.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge X GUO AND M CHEEMA School of Science
Research and Development Centre, 5403 1st and the Environment, Memorial University, 20 Potato early dying disease complex (PED) is
Avenue South Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, T1J University, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 5G4, Canada; an endemic and a ma or yield­limiting factor
4B1; (L.M.H.) University of Alberta Department (X.G.) Department of Fisheries, Forestry and for potato production in New Brunswick (NB)
of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Agriculture, Government of Newfoundland and PED is primarily caused by Verticillium dahliae,
410 Ag/Forestry Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Labrador, Corner Brook, NL, A2H 6J8, Canada. and is exacerbated by the root­lesion nema­
Canada, T6G 2P5; (K.C.) Farming Smarter, tode Pratylenchus penetrans In NB PED man­
211034 Hwy 512, Lethbridge County, Alberta, Paper industry produces tremendous amount agement is mainly done through a two­year
Canada, T1J 5N9; (C.H.) Indian Head Agricultur­ of waste material such as wood ash (WA) and potato­cereal crop rotation but is inefective
al Research Foundation, #1 Government Road. paper sludge (SL) WA and SL contains mineral despite cereals being a less favorable host
Indian Head, Saskatchewan, S0G 2K0 Canada. nutrients and high pH hence could be used as Soil fumigation with either metam sodium or

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